Vocab 1-B

Here are some more definitions.  These terms will be seen some in the future, and not just within these pages.

Emanation - the act of -to flow out, issue or proceed, as from a source or origin, come forth, originate Empiricism - the doctrine that all knowledge is derived from sense experience Epistemological Predicates - proclamations pertaining to the branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge Epistemology - investigating the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge Equivocal - allowing the possibility of several different meanings, as a word or phrase, especially with intent to deceive or misguide; susceptible of double interpretation; deliberately ambiguous of doubtful nature or character; questionable; dubious; suspicious, of uncertain significance; not determined Eternal - without beginning or end; lasting forever, always existing, perpetual; ceaseless; endless, enduring, immutable or,  Metaphysics existing  outside all relations of time; not subject to change Ex Nihilo - from the Latin which means "out of nothing" or "from nothing" Existentialism - a philosophical position that stresses the individual's unique position as a self-determining agent responsible for the authenticity of his or her choices (or truth) Extrinsic Value - of importance while not essential or inherent; not a basic part or quality, extraneous,  being outside a thing; outward or external; operating or coming from without Fallacy -  a deceptive, misleading, or false notion, belief, a misleading or unsound argument. deceptive, misleading, or false nature, erroneous, or in Logic any of various types of erroneous reasoning that render arguments logically unsound Finite - having bounds or limits, measurable, subject to limitations or conditions, as of space, time, circumstances, or the laws of nature Foundationalism - the practice of or application of the basis or groundwork of anything, the act of founding, setting up, establishing Gnosticism - a group of ancient heresies, stressing escape from this world through the acquisition of esoteric knowledge. Hedonism -  the doctrine that pleasure or happiness is the highest good, devotion to pleasure as a way of life Idealism - the cherishing or pursuit of high or noble principles, purposes, goals, etc. or any system or theory that maintains that the real is of the nature of thought or that the object of external perception consists of ideas, the tendency to represent things in an ideal form, or as they might or should be rather than as they are, with emphasis on values. Immanent - remaining within; indwelling; inherent, or  a mental act taking place within the mind of the subject and having no effect outside of it Immortality – unending life Induction  - any form of reasoning in which the conclusion, though supported by the premises, does not follow from them necessarily, or the process of estimating the validity of observations of part of a class of facts as evidence for a proposition about the whole class. Infinite – never ending, continues without foreseeable end, unmeasurable Intrinsic Value – importance based on belonging to a thing by its very nature Intuitionism - Ethics. the doctrine that moral values and duties can be discerned directly, or Metaphysics the doctrine that in perception external objects are given immediately, without the intervention of a representative idea, the doctrine that knowledge rests upon axiomatic truths discerned directly. Law of Non-Contradiction - states that contradictory statements cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time Logic - the science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference, a particular method of reasoning or argumentation: We were unable to follow his logic, the system or principles of reasoning applicable to any branch of knowledge or stud, reason or sound judgment, as in utterances or actions: There wasn't much logic in her move, convincing forcefulness; inexorable truth or persuasiveness: the irresistible logic of the facts. Metaphysics - the branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, includes ontology and cosmology, and is intimately connected with epistemology, philosophy, especially in its more abstruse branches, the underlying theoretical principles of a subject or field of inquiry Mysticism - a doctrine of an immediate spiritual intuition of truths believed to transcend ordinary understanding, or of a direct, intimate union of the soul with God through contemplation or ecstasy, obscure thought or speculation. Natural Revelation - universal aspect of God, knowledge about God and to spiritual matters, discovered through natural means, such as observation of nature (the physical universe), philosophy and reasoning, human conscience or providence or providential history  aspects of natural or general revelation are believed to pertain to outward temporal events that are experienced within the world or this physical universe. Naturalism - the view of the world that takes account only of natural elements and forces, excluding the supernatural or spiritual, the belief that all phenomena are covered by laws of science and that all teleological explanations are therefore without value Nihilism - an extreme form of skepticism: the denial of all real existence or the possibility of an objective basis for truth, nothingness or nonexistence. Noetic Effects (of sin) – how sin affects one’s reasoning, but it should be clear that the flaws or errors in our thinking (its processes and results) are not always the effect of sin. non-sequitur - an inference or a conclusion that does not follow from the premises, a statement containing an illogical conclusion. Objectify - to present as an object, especially of sight, touch, or other physical sense; make objective; externalize Objective - not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; unbiased: an objective opinion, intent upon or dealing with things external to the mind rather than with thoughts or feelings, as a person or a book, being the object of perception or thought; belonging to the object of thought rather than to the thinking subject (opposed to subjective ) Ockman's Razor - is a principle of parsimony, economy, or succinctness used in problem-solving. It states that among competing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected. Ontological  - the application of ontology, studying the nature of being Ontological Argument - a category of philosophical arguments for the existence of God using ontology, when constructed properly logically proves the existence of God Ontology - the branch of metaphysics that studies the nature of existence or being Panentheism – a belief that God is everything and in everything.  God is viewed as the eternal animating force behind the universe.  Some variations of this belief structure will hold that God is greater than the universe, of which he is part of.  God exists and interpenetrates every part of nature, and timelessly extends beyond as well Pantheism - the doctrine that God is the transcendent reality of which the material universe and human beings are only manifestations: it involves a denial of God's personality and expresses a tendency to identify God and nature, identifying God with the universe Perception - the act or faculty of perceiving, or apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind; cognition; understanding, immediate or intuitive recognition or appreciation, as of moral, psychological, or aesthetic qualities; insight; intuition; discernment: an artist of rare perception, the result or product of perceiving, as distinguished from the act of perceiving Pluralism - a theory that there is more than one basic substance or principle, not dualism; a theory that reality consists of many independent elements. Polytheism - the doctrine of or belief in more than one god or in many gods. Pragmatism - system having various forms, but generally stressing practical consequences as constituting the essential criterion in determining meaning, truth, or value principles of parsimony – see Ockman’s Razor Rationalism - the doctrine that reason alone is a source of knowledge and is independent of experience,  all knowledge is expressible in self-evident propositions or their consequences. Realism - the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence, as opposed to conceptualism or nominalism, objects of sense perception have an existence independent of the act of perception Relativism - any theory holding that criteria of judgment are relative, varying with individuals and their environments, situational or variable Skepticism - the doctrines or opinions of universal doubt, disbelief, suspension of decision until sufficient data is accumulated Special Revelation – the belief that knowledge of God and of spiritual matters can be discovered through supernatural means, such as miracles or the scriptures, a disclosure of God's truth through means other than through man's reason Subjective - relating to or of the nature of an object as it is known in the mind as distinct from a thing in itself, or relating to properties or specific conditions of the mind as distinguished from general or universal experience, or pertaining to the subject or substance in which attributes inhere; essential, not necessarily fact based